Category: Books

  • The Bible in all the world’s languages: How artificial intelligence is accelerating an ancient mission

    The Bible in all the world’s languages: How artificial intelligence is accelerating an ancient mission

    The Bible in all the world’s languages: How artificial intelligence is accelerating an ancient mission

    During the Christmas season, millions of people return to church – even those who have long since drifted away from religious life. They listen to the story of Mary, Joseph and the baby Jesus, born in a stable because there was no room for him in the inn. For Christian missionaries, this story is not only part of tradition, but also a reminder of the global task: to convey the biblical text to every people in their own language.

    The Bible is already the most translated book in human history: it is available in more than 750 languages. However, there are about 7,000 living languages ​​in the world, and for thousands of them not even fragments of the Holy Scripture exist. Today, religious organizations are betting on technologies that, according to the Economist magazine, are capable of radically accelerating this process – above all, on large-scale language models and artificial intelligence tools.

    Why Bible Translation is a Linguistic and Theological Challenge

    Translating biblical texts is not just a technical task. The Old Testament has about 600,000 words, and according to tradition, it took about 70 scholars to translate it in the 3rd century BC. The New Testament is written in an uneven, colloquial Greek language, far from the classical norm, which only complicates the task of translators.

    Many of the formulations in the text remain ambiguous. One of the most famous examples is the word ἐπιούσιον (epiousion) in the prayer “Our Father”. The phrase “give us this day our bread epiousion” contains a term that occurs only in this context, and its exact meaning remains a subject of debate to this day. Some researchers believe that it refers to “daily” or “daily” bread, others connect the word with “tomorrow”, and still others – with spiritual or Eucharistic food. However, most translators were forced to make a choice and eventually settled on the “daily bread” option.

    Such decisions have far-reaching theological consequences. A classic example is the description of Mary: in one translation she is called a young woman, in another – a virgin. This difference affects fundamental elements of Christian doctrine and shows that Bible translation is inevitably associated with interpretation.

    From the pyres of the Inquisition to long-term projects

    Historically, Bible translation was not only a difficult but also a dangerous occupation. In the Middle Ages, translators who worked on the text in the vernacular languages ​​could be declared heretics and executed. After the Reformation, the risk to life disappeared, but the laboriousness remained. In 1999, the Wycliffe missionary organization estimated that with the traditional approach – sending missionaries abroad, learning the language from scratch, and translating by hand – it would take about 150 years to launch projects for all the other languages.

    Later, local linguists began to be involved in the work, but even in this case, translating the entire Bible usually took about 15 years.

    How artificial intelligence is changing the scale of the task

    With the advent of large language models, the situation began to change. According to experts, using AI, translating the New Testament could take about two years, and the Old Testament – about six. This radically shortens the time frame and allows us to talk about global goals.

    Missionary organizations are now striving to have at least part of the Bible translated into every living language by 2033. The IllumiNations coalition, which unites translation agencies, claims that the project is already more than halfway completed. Over the past decade, almost $500 million has been raised for these purposes.

    The technological breakthrough was largely made possible after the company Meta opened up access to its machine translation model in 2022. It was originally created to improve digital services in about 200 languages, mainly in African and Asian countries. However, religious organizations have adapted this development to translate biblical texts, practically adapting secular technology to a sacred task.

    The problem of “small languages” and the limits of machine translation

    However, artificial intelligence is not a universal solution. Many languages ​​​​belong to the category of so-called “low-resource”: for them there are almost no written sources, which means that language models simply have nothing to train on. In such cases, translators must first manually create parallel texts – often translating fragments of the Bible without the help of AI.

    As experts note, the key question today is what is the minimum amount of data needed for the model to start giving acceptable results. Finding this balance remains one of the main technical tasks of the project.

    Culture, metaphors and the doubts of believers

    The use of AI also provokes theological disputes. Some Christians fear that technology is replacing spiritual inspiration and the role of the Holy Spirit. Supporters of the digital approach respond that AI performs only an auxiliary function: all translations undergo a multi-stage review by humans, from linguists to theologians.

    However, cultural complexities remain. AI does not work well with metaphors and abstract concepts. If the language does not have the word “bat,” translators must use descriptive formulas such as “weapon of war” or “a long wooden pole for breaking down gates.”

    In addition, different cultures perceive images differently. For example, the expression “to receive Jesus into your heart” is not universally understood: among some peoples in Papua New Guinea, the liver or stomach is considered the center of emotions. In such cases, translation requires adapting the images to preserve the meaning without distorting the message.

    Between the expectation of the end times and practical benefit

    For some Christians, the urgency of translating the Bible has an eschatological meaning: there is a belief that the return of Christ is possible only after the Scriptures become accessible to all peoples. For others, it is primarily a missionary duty.

    This project also has completely earthly consequences. Work on rare languages ​​helps to save them from extinction, forms new linguistic databases and contributes to the development of translation technologies in general. Thus, an ancient religious text becomes a catalyst for modern technological processes – with an effect that goes far beyond the boundaries of the religious world.

  • “Anna Karenina” – Passion and Tragedy – The Price of Love in 19th-Century Russia

    There’s a profound depth to the emotional turmoil and social constraints depicted in Leo Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina” that resonates with your understanding of love. This iconic novel explores the complexities of passion against the backdrop of 19th-century Russian society, revealing how personal desires can clash with societal expectations. As you probe into the lives of Anna and her contemporaries, you’ll discover the high costs that accompany love, often leading to tragic consequences that question the very essence of happiness and fulfillment.

    The Context of 19th-Century Russia

    The societal landscape of 19th-century Russia was characterized by vast disparities in wealth and power, impacting the lives of both the elite and the peasantry. The country was predominantly agrarian, with a significant portion of the population living in poverty while a small number of aristocrats enjoyed extravagant lifestyles. The tensions arising from these social hierarchies were palpable, leading to class struggles that would later ferment revolutionary ideas. In this environment, the characters in Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina” navigate their complex relationships against a backdrop of societal expectations, class constraints, and the weight of tradition.

    Social Hierarchies and Class Struggles

    For individuals living during this period, your status determined not only your living conditions but also your opportunities for personal fulfillment and romantic relationships. The rigid class structure often dictated marital prospects and social interactions, forcing many into roles that they had little agency to change. As you probe into the world of Anna Karenina, you will see how the expectations tied to one’s station in life contribute to the tragedy that unfolds. Characters like Anna and Vronsky challenge these class boundaries but ultimately must grapple with the consequences of their choices within a society that fiercely defends its own values.

    The Role of Women in Society

    At the heart of 19th-century Russian society lies the complex reality of women’s existence. Women were often relegated to the roles of wife and mother, expected to maintain the household while adhering to strict societal norms. Your understanding of the female characters in “Anna Karenina” will deepen as you explore their struggle for independence and the constraints placed upon their desires. Through the lens of Anna and her contemporaries, Tolstoy exposes the harsh realities faced by women, who found themselves in marriages devoid of love or passion, reduced to mere vessels for reproduction and status preservation.

    Context reveals that, while some women were beginning to challenge the status quo, the vast majority were limited by both legal and cultural boundaries. The emergence of enlightened thought suggested potential pathways for female empowerment, yet many women remained trapped in a system that denied them agency. You will notice that characters like Kitty and Anna personify the struggle for personal identity amid societal pressures, highlighting the dangerous consequences chained to their desires and the societal demands they must navigate. This intricate web of constraints shaped not only their narratives but also the greater historical discourse on gender roles in Russia.

    The Nature of Love and Passion

    Any discussion of love in 19th-century Russia inevitably draws you into the complex web of romantic ideals versus the harsh reality that individuals faced. Society in this era often glorified love as a romantic, passionate force capable of transcending societal boundaries; however, it frequently clashed with the practical demands of social norms and expectations. In an environment that prized marital duty and social status, characters like Anna Karenina find themselves caught between the delight of passionate love and the inevitable consequences that follow their choices. You might ask yourself how the captivating vision of love could lead to such heart-wrenching tragedy. The friction between what society idealizes and what is genuinely attainable often leads to heartache, highlighting the complexities of human emotion in a restrictive framework.

    Romantic Ideals vs. Reality

    After exploring the lush ideals spread throughout literature and society, you can see how characters in “Anna Karenina” grapple with the stark contrast of unconditional love and reality’s binding chains. Anna, once enveloped in the fantasy of beauty and romance, is thrust into a world where her passion for Vronsky becomes tainted by societal judgments and personal sacrifice. You may find this dichotomy fascinating, as it lays bare the emotional turmoil faced by women like Anna, who chased love only to be met with the harsh consequences of societal disapproval. The conflict between the prevailing belief in romantic destiny and the reality of their situation serves to amplify the story’s tension, presenting a scenario that many can relate to, even in contemporary settings.

    Forbidden Love: Anna and Vronsky

    Vronsky, a dashing young officer, symbolizes the thrilling but dangerous nature of love that dares to defy convention. When you consider Anna’s attraction to him, it’s easy to see why she is drawn into his world; his charm and passion offer her a glimpse of liberation. However, this newfound love is not without significant risks. As you examine deeper into their relationship, you understand that their connection ignites a spiral of societal condemnation and personal downfall. Vronsky and Anna’s relationship transforms into a battleground for love and identity, where their choices forge paths littered with consequences that extend beyond mere romance.

    Ideals of love often present it as a purely transcendental experience, yet Anna and Vronsky’s passionate affair illustrates that these ideals can be misleading. Your understanding of love might shift as you witness how their relationship blends exhilaration with despair. As they navigate the intense admiration and profound longing they feel for each other, you cannot ignore the tumultuous storm brewing in the backdrop. The intoxicating beauty of their union serves as a potent reminder of love’s dual nature, where euphoric moments clash with a regretful reality that ultimately leads to tragic outcomes.

    The Consequences of Infidelity

    While Anna’s passionate affair with Count Vronsky initially seems liberating, it quickly spirals into a web of tragic consequences. The personal sacrifices she makes, most notably the deterioration of her relationship with her husband, Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin, and her son, Seryozha, illustrate the heavy toll of love entangled with infidelity. You may find yourself reflecting on the haunting realities that Anna faces as she grapples with the price of her desires against the backdrop of 19th-century Russian society, which views her choices with scorn and contempt.

    Ethical Dilemmas and Moral Judgments

    Moral implications abound in Anna’s journey, challenging the standards of fidelity and virtue in her time. You might question whether her pursuit of happiness justifies the pain inflicted upon her family and societal expectations. As you examine into Anna’s struggles, consider how her decisions prompt a broader examination of ethics and personal freedom, forcing you to confront your own beliefs about love, loyalty, and the consequences of seeking fulfillment at the expense of others.

    Impact on Family and Society

    Moral repercussions ripple through Anna’s life, affecting not just her own happiness but also that of her loved ones and society at large. As her affair becomes the subject of public gossip, you realize how intertwined personal choices are with social morality. In 19th-century Russia, where marriages were often more about duty than desire, Anna’s infidelity challenges the very fabric of familial bonds and community values, raising the stakes for all involved.

    With each decision Anna makes, the fallout extends beyond her immediate family. You cannot overlook the emotional devastation experienced by her husband, who navigates feelings of betrayal while trying to maintain his social standing, and the loneliness felt by Seryozha, who is caught in the crossfire of his parents’ conflict. Society, too, holds a mirror to Anna’s choices, casting judgment and forcing you to consider how public perception shapes personal realities. This societal lens emphasizes the negative consequences of infidelity—highlighting not just the individual damage inflicted on Anna but also the wider implications for those interwoven in her life. Through the lens of Anna’s experience, you are challenged to contemplate the meaning of love and the profound impact of betrayal on both personal and societal levels.

    Tragic Outcomes

    Unlike many classic love stories, “Anna Karenina” deftly intertwines passion with the harsh realities and strict societal norms of 19th-century Russia. In a society where personal happiness often clashes with public duty, the tragic outcomes of Anna’s pursuit of love are both poignant and harrowing. You witness how her intense affair with Count Vronsky leads not only to her own disillusionment but also to her alienation from society, family, and ultimately, herself. The passionate entanglement that should have been a source of joy spirals into a bitter downfall, showcasing the profound implications of love when it defies societal expectations.

    The Downfall of Anna Karenina

    To understand Anna’s destruction, you must research into her psychological transformation throughout the novel. Initially, she is depicted as a vibrant and spirited woman who dares to pursue what she believes to be true love. However, as the reality of her situation sinks in, you see how her emotional turmoil snowballs into a complex web of jealousy, isolation, and profound sadness. The very love that once liberated her becomes a prison, leaving you to reflect on the cost of defying societal norms and the depths of despair that can ensue. Ultimately, Anna’s tragic fate serves as a chilling reminder of the personal sacrifices made in the name of love.

    The Fate of Other Characters

    Below Anna, the fates of other characters also reflect the intense emotional and social conflicts of the time. Characters such as Kitty and Levin showcase the contrast between unconditional love and societal rejection, each facing their own struggles that showcase the complexity of relationships in a rigid society. While Kitty ultimately finds happiness with Levin after overcoming her own obstacles, others like Anna’s husband, Alexei Alexandrovich, are left grappling with the fallout of betrayal and emotional desolation. Your perspective shifts as you see how the consequences of love affect not just Anna, but everyone around her.

    For instance, Vronsky’s life is equally upended as he displays an inner conflict between his passion for Anna and his thirst for social acceptance. His attempts to navigate the turbulent waters of love and societal expectations leave him feeling trapped and unsatisfied. Meanwhile, Kitty and Levin’s journey symbolizes hope, illustrating that love can endure even amidst chaos. However, their path is not without challenges, reminding you of the price you pay for passion—be it happiness, fulfillment, or heartbreak in your pursuits.

    Literary Techniques and Symbolism

    All of the literary techniques employed by Leo Tolstoy in “Anna Karenina” serve to deepen your understanding of the intertwined lives of its characters and the societal pressures they face. Through the seamless shifts in perspective and the use of free indirect discourse, you gain insight into the internal conflicts that ultimately drive the characters to their fates. Tolstoy’s rich descriptions create vivid images of 19th-century Russia, reflecting not only the geographical setting but also the emotional landscapes of love, betrayal, and despair.

    Tolstoy’s Narrative Style

    Before delving into the complexities of Tolstoy’s narrative style, consider how his ability to shift perspectives invites you into the minds of multiple characters, allowing for a multi-faceted exploration of love and its consequences. The omniscient narrator often interjects with philosophical insights, prompting you to contemplate the moral implications of the characters’ choices. This style emphasizes the *universal themes* present in the novel, making their experiences resonate with your own understanding of human relationships.

    Symbols of Love and Despair

    Against the backdrop of Russian society, Tolstoy introduces powerful symbols that encapsulate the dual themes of love and despair. The recurring motif of the train, for instance, serves as a symbol of both destiny and destruction. Anna’s tragic end on the tracks parallels her tumultuous love life, highlighting the precarious nature of passion. Additionally, the contrasting images of spring and winter throughout the narrative exemplify the cycles of love and sadness that characterizes human experience, urging you to reflect on the fleeting but intense nature of emotional connections.

    At various points in the story, you will encounter poignant symbols that deepen your understanding of the characters’ struggles. The flowers that often accompany Anna are emblematic of her beauty and fleeting vitality, yet they also foreshadow the inevitable decay of her relationship with Vronsky. Similarly, the contrasting ideas of family vs. individuality are symbolized through the rustic settings that surround Levin’s simple farm life, representing an idealized love that eludes Anna. Thus, through these symbols, you are prompted to consider the broader implications of love, loss, and societal expectations that define the human condition in Tolstoy’s masterful narrative.

    The Price of Love

    After exploring the intense relationships in “Anna Karenina,” you may find yourself questioning the immense personal sacrifices made by the characters amid the rigid societal norms of 19th-century Russia. In the pursuit of love, each character navigates through deeply ingrained expectations that govern their decisions. For Anna, her fervent love for Vronsky leads her to defy convention, yet the societal repercussions are dire. You can see how her choices unravel her life and alienate her from her family and friends, illustrating the colossal cost of embracing passion in a world that demands conformity.

    Personal Sacrifice and Societal Norms

    Across the pages of Tolstoy’s narrative, you witness the characters grappling with the dissonance between genuine feelings and societal obligations. The struggles of Anna and her ultimate downfall serve as a poignant reminder of the limitations placed upon women and the harsh realities of emotional entanglement. Your understanding deepens as you realize that while love can inspire, it can also lead to isolation and despair. Personal desires are often sacrificed at the altar of social acceptance, showing the painful duality of love and loyalty.

    Reflections on Human Experience

    With each turn of the page, you are compelled to reflect on the broader implications of these characters’ experiences. Anna’s story encapsulates the timeless tension between individual desire and social expectation, inviting you to consider how this struggle persists in modern society. The myriad emotions conveyed—passion, jealousy, and ultimately, tragedy—speak to the universal nature of human relationships.

    Understanding the complex interplay of love, sacrifice, and societal constraints within “Anna Karenina,” you may find echoes of your own experiences. The affairs and choices made by the characters resonate deeply with your sense of identity and belonging. As you reflect on these themes, consider how they illustrate the intricate balance between following your heart and adhering to societal expectations, providing a vivid lens through which to explore your own relationships and values.

    Now, as you reflect on the themes of passion and tragedy in “Anna Karenina,” you may begin to understand the profound implications of love in 19th-century Russia. The societal constraints and personal dilemmas faced by Anna and her contemporaries reveal the complexities of human relationships and the often-painful sacrifices that love can demand. Your examination of these characters likely illuminates the ways in which their lives were entwined with the expectations of their time, shedding light on how these pressures influenced their choices and ultimately led to their downfalls.

    In contemplating the price of love, you might find valuable lessons that transcend the historical context of the novel. The emotional turmoil experienced by Anna serves as a powerful reminder of the potential ramifications of pursuing passion in a world filled with rigid norms. Through this narrative, you are invited to consider not only the personal costs of love but also the broader societal implications, enhancing your appreciation for Tolstoy’s work and the timelessness of its themes. As you close the book, think about how the struggles faced by Anna and Vronsky resonate with contemporary issues of love, choice, and societal judgment.

  • “The Hobbit” – A Hero’s Journey Begins – The Magic of Middle-earth and Bilbo’s Transformation

    Transformation is at the heart of J.R.R. Tolkien’s renowned work, “The Hobbit.” As you journey alongside Bilbo Baggins, you will discover how this unassuming hobbit evolves from a home-loving creature into a courageous hero. Set against the backdrop of the enchanting world of Middle-earth, you will witness Bilbo’s encounters with formidable foes, cunning goblins, and legendary creatures that challenge his resolve and shape his destiny. This post researchs into the elements of Bilbo’s remarkable transformation and the enduring magic that makes this story a timeless classic.

    The World of Middle-earth

    Your adventure begins in a rich and immersive landscape, where every corner reveals the unique charms and challenges of Middle-earth. This world, crafted by J.R.R. Tolkien, serves as the backdrop for Bilbo Baggins’ journey, presenting not only a beautiful environment but also a fantastic tapestry of cultures, races, and histories. Here, you will discover the intricate relationships that exist among the inhabitants, and how they contribute to the overarching narrative of heroism and transformation. The world is alive with magic and mystery, beckoning you to uncover its secrets as you follow Bilbo’s path from a humble hobbit hole to the uncharted territories beyond the Shire.

    The Shire: A Peaceful Beginning

    Any traveler stepping into the Shire would quickly notice its serene beauty and idyllic charm, making it a safe haven for hobbits. You can envision hobbit holes nestled into lush green hills, perfectly manicured gardens bursting with vibrant flowers, and the sweet aroma of home-cooked meals wafting through the air. This peaceful beginning is imperative as it sharply contrasts with the chaotic adventures that await Bilbo, underscoring the significance of his transformation. It’s within this tranquil landscape that you find Bilbo’s ordinary life, filled with simple pleasures and routines that make him reluctant to leave.

    The Landscape of Adventure

    Landscape shapes the journey that Bilbo begins upon, revealing a world teeming with both beauty and danger. As you traverse the varying terrains—from the misty Mountains of Moria to the dark forests of Mirkwood—you encounter treacherous paths that test your courage and resolve. You will be introduced to the formidable Orcs and the enigmatic Elves, habitats that provide a stark reminder of the peril that lurks beyond the safety of the Shire. Each landscape not only hosts unique challenges but also instills a sense of growth and resilience in Bilbo, who quickly learns that adventure often comes hand-in-hand with peril and discovery.

    World-building is a pivotal aspect of Tolkien’s narrative, where every location you explore serves a purpose within the story. As you probe deeper into Middle-earth, you’ll find that each landscape is intricately designed, loaded with historical significance and cultural elements that enrich Bilbo’s understanding of himself and his place in this vast world. From the breathtaking peaks of the Misties to the dark allure of the Woods, the landscapes not only represent a physical journey but also symbolize Bilbo’s internal transition from a sheltered life to one filled with rich experiences and newfound courage that shapes him into the hero he never thought he could become.

    Bilbo Baggins: The Reluctant Hero

    There’s something enchanting about the character of Bilbo Baggins, the quintimportant representation of the reluctant hero. His life in the peaceful Shire is marked by a fondness for comfort and familiarity, where each day mirrors the last. However, beneath this unassuming exterior lies a heart filled with untapped courage and potential, waiting for the right moment to emerge. The transformation you witness in Bilbo throughout “The Hobbit” is one of the most compelling arcs in literary history, illustrating how heroism often begins in the most unlikely of places.

    Characteristics of Bilbo

    Along your journey through the pages of Tolkien’s masterpiece, you quickly learn that Bilbo is not your stereotypical hero. He embodies traits such as curiosity and a genuine kindness that resonate deeply. His *reluctance* to leave his comfortable home showcases his innate desire for stability over unpredictability. However, Bilbo’s intelligence and quick wit serve as powerful assets, and as you research deeper into his character, it becomes apparent that he possesses a hidden depth. The mix of humor and fearlessness makes Bilbo relatable, allowing you to connect with your own feelings of uncertainty in the face of challenges.

    The Call to Adventure

    Call it fate or simply coincidence, the moment Gandalf and the dwarves arrive at Bilbo’s doorstep marks the beginning of his extraordinary journey. They bring with them tales of peril and glory, urging Bilbo to join their quest to reclaim the dwarves’ homeland from the fearsome dragon Smaug. You can’t help but feel the tension as Bilbo grapples with the decision to embrace his adventurous spirit or retreat into the safety of the Shire. Here lies the essence of his character—a blend of fear and an innate desire for adventure that makes you root for him even more.

    Adventure awaits as Bilbo’s spirit is ignited by the notion of exploring the world beyond the Shire. This call leads him through a world steeped in danger, filled with dwarves, orcs, and magical creatures. With each step, you witness how Bilbo evolves from a timid hobbit into a bold participant in a grand quest, challenging the perceptions held about hobbits as passive bystanders in a hero’s tale. The call to adventure becomes the pivotal moment when he begins to shed his reluctance, one step at a time, embracing the riches of his newfound path.

    Allies and Adversaries

    Now, as you research deeper into “The Hobbit,” you will find that Bilbo’s journey is not undertaken alone. Instead, he is joined by a diverse group known as the Company of Dwarves, led by the brave Thorin Oakenshield. Each dwarf possesses unique skills and backgrounds that contribute to the adventure, from the fierce warrior Kili to the expert craftsman Dwalin. Through their camaraderie, you see how Bilbo’s initial hesitations fade, and he slowly begins to find his place within this ragtag band of allies. Their shared purpose and a sense of duty toward reclaiming the dwarves’ lost homeland of Erebor drive them forward, and you cannot help but feel inspired by their resolve.

    The Company of Dwarves

    About the Company of Dwarves, you will discover that they embody the essence of teamwork, with each member playing a vital role in the group’s success. As they traverse through the enchanting yet perilous landscapes of Middle-earth, Bilbo’s evolving relationships with the dwarves highlight the transformative power of friendship. What begins as a simple quest for treasure transforms into a magnificent odyssey of personal growth, where mutual respect and loyalty thrive in the face of adversity.

    Key Antagonists: From Goblins to Smaug

    Before stepping into the depths of Bilbo’s trials, it’s necessary to grasp the formidable adversaries that await him and his companions. The relentless forces of Goblins, with their cunning and cruelty, serve as a critical early threat, demonstrating just how dangerous the world can be. Yet, none are as terrifying as the dragon Smaug, who lies in wait, guarding the enormous hoard of gold and jewels within the Lonely Mountain. His presence looms large throughout their journey, symbolizing the ultimate challenge Bilbo must face as he transitions from a timid hobbit to an unlikely hero.

    In addition to Goblins and Smaug, other adversaries such as the goblin king and the deceptive creatures of Mirkwood further complicate your heroes’ quest. The multifaceted dangers they encounter showcase the constant struggle between light and dark in Middle-earth. As you follow Bilbo and the dwarves, you quickly see how each encounter not only tests their resolve but also contributes to Bilbo’s unexpected evolution into a clever and resourceful leader, proving that even the most unlikely of heroes can rise when faced with adversity.

    The Path of Transformation

    Once again, you find yourself journeying alongside Bilbo Baggins as he navigates the remarkable terrain of Middle-earth. In this chapter, you witness the striking metamorphosis of a simple hobbit into a hero destined for greatness. An ordinary life in the Shire is soon overshadowed by adventurous exploits, compelling you to reflect upon the mental and emotional shifts that accompany Bilbo’s transformation. As he confronts treachery and danger, you, too, feel the weight of change as your understanding of what it means to be brave deepens.

    With each trial, Bilbo uncovers hidden reservoirs of strength and wisdom, propelled forward by the pressing need to protect his newfound companions and to recover the stolen treasure from the fearsome dragon, Smaug. This evolution lays the foundation for his path to becoming a hero, inviting you to appreciate not only his resilience but also the inherent potential for growth within you as well.

    Challenges Faced by Bilbo

    Between the peace of home and the perils of adventure, Bilbo is confronted with an array of daunting challenges that test his mettle. From fierce trolls to the haunting caverns of Mirkwood, each encounter forces him to make profound decisions that shape his character. These moments of conflict are not merely physical; they also occur within Bilbo as he wrestles with his fears and insecurities. Your experience of these challenges alongside him allows you to understand the importance of perseverance and adaptability in the face of uncertainty.

    Each of these trials reveals a different aspect of Bilbo’s personality, catalyzing his evolution from a comfortable, homebody hobbit to a cunning and resourceful traveler. You witness firsthand the dangerous encounters he must survive, which highlight the capacity for heroism lurking beneath the surface. As he grapples with the weight of responsibility, you too are invited to confront your own challenges, learning that growth often emerges from adversity.

    The Growth of a Hero

    Any discussion of Bilbo’s journey must address the remarkable growth he experiences throughout his adventures. As Bilbo faces multiple challenges, you observe a gradual yet profound shift in his character—from reluctance and fear to courage and determination. His experiences drive the realization that true bravery is not the absence of fear, but the decision to act in spite of it. This transformation resonates with you on a personal level, as it underscores the notion that character is forged in the fires of hardship.

    This journey of growth is not confined to one singular moment; rather, it is a series of interconnected experiences that collectively shape Bilbo into a hero. You see him evolve from someone who initially hesitated to leave his comfortable home to a figure who boldly confronts danger. Through cunning, bravery, and support from his companions, he realizes his own strengths, ultimately achieving greatness against overwhelming odds. Bilbo’s story is a testament to the potential for transformation within each of us, signifying that with effort and resolve, you too can rise to meet your challenges and become the hero of your own journey.

    Themes of Courage and Homecoming

    Despite the various challenges that Bilbo Baggins faces in “The Hobbit,” the themes of courage and homecoming resonate deeply throughout his journey. As you commence on this fantastical adventure alongside Bilbo, you witness his transformation from a reluctant participant to a brave hero. His initial fear and trepidation give way to moments of extraordinary bravery, allowing you to explore the idea that true courage often requires stepping outside your comfort zone. This theme is not just about vanquishing foes; rather, it is about confronting your own doubts and fears to emerge stronger on the other side. By embracing this journey, you discover that courage is an vital element of personal growth.

    The Significance of Home

    Below the surface of Bilbo’s treacherous quest lies a poignant reminder of the significance of home. As you follow Bilbo’s adventurous path through Middle-earth, his longing for the Shire symbolizes not just a physical location, but also the sense of security and belonging that a home provides. Home is where your story begins, a comfort zone that fuels your identity. You’ll realize that Bilbo’s return to the Shire is not simply the conclusion of his journey; it represents a profound acknowledgment of his roots. His experiences shape him into a more discerning and capable individual, yet the understanding that true fulfillment often requires a return to your origins is vital for anyone who ventures far and wide.

    Acts of Bravery

    Acts of bravery mark pivotal moments throughout “The Hobbit,” and as you investigate deeper into Bilbo’s character, you appreciate how these moments not only define his growth but also offer inspiration for your own courageous endeavors. Each act of bravery showcases his willingness to face fear, whether that’s engaging with menacing trolls or confronting the intimidating Smaug. Bilbo’s courage often shines most brightly in the smaller, more personal acts of defiance that you might resonate with in your everyday life, revealing the heartfelt realization that bravery is not solely about grand gestures but also about making choices that reflect your values.

    Home is where you find solace, but it is also where your values are tested. You will see that Bilbo, amidst treacherous encounters in foreign lands, embodies this notion thoroughly. His personal bravery emerges consistently as he relies on his wit and resourcefulness, serving as a reminder that sometimes bravery manifests in the form of your decisions and your willingness to act. Whenever you find yourself hesitating, recall how Bilbo faced the perils of his journey with tenacity and cleverness. Through his story, you learn that even the smallest of heroes can make the most significant impacts through their brave choices, paving the way for others to follow their own paths of courage.

    The Legacy of “The Hobbit”

    To understand the true impact of “The Hobbit,” you must recognize its role as a cornerstone of modern fantasy literature. This novel not only introduced readers to the richly crafted world of Middle-earth but also set the stage for a wave of storytelling that has shaped the genre in ways that are still felt today. You can trace elements of Bilbo’s adventure in the works of countless authors who followed, from J.K. Rowling to Patrick Rothfuss, each drawing inspiration from Tolkien’s masterful world-building and profound character development. The archetypes established in “The Hobbit” – the reluctant hero, the wise mentor, and the captivating mythical creatures – have become identifiers in modern fantasy, guiding you through various narratives that resonate with your quest for adventure and growth.

    Influence on Modern Fantasy

    The influence of “The Hobbit” stretches beyond mere storytelling; it has become a template for the fantasy genre itself. You’ll find that its themes of bravery, friendship, and the notion of an unexpected hero are prominently featured in many contemporary works. The roadmap of Bilbo’s transformation from a humble hobbit to a courageous adventurer mirrors the experiences of modern protagonists. Notably, the integration of elaborate lore, from ancient prophecies to intricate histories, has inspired a generation of writers to adopt similar depth in their fictional worlds, allowing you to immerse yourself in rich narratives that feel alive and authentic.

    The Enduring Appeal of Bilbo’s Journey

    Fantasy enthusiasts often find themselves drawn to Bilbo’s journey because it encapsulates the essence of personal transformation. You relate to the idea that even the most ordinary individuals can initiate on extraordinary adventures, facing both fearsome enemies and internal conflicts. The relatable struggles and triumphs of Bilbo resonate powerfully with your own experiences, reinforcing the notion that courage can emerge from the most unexpected places. The allure of Bilbo’s growth, punctuated by his sense of humor and steadfastness in the face of danger, creates a bond that transcends time. This is what makes his journey not just a tale of adventure, but a reflection of your own potential for greatness.

    Legacy also plays a significant role as you consider how “The Hobbit” has shaped your understanding of heroism. Beyond the surface of a fantastical quest, you see themes of resilience and transformation emerge, inviting you to contemplate your unique experiences in life. As you navigate your own challenges, you draw strength from Bilbo’s story—the history of a once-ordinary hobbit who accepted the call to adventure and emerged forever changed, inspiring you to embrace your own journey of self-discovery.

    Summing up

    Taking this into account, you can see how “The Hobbit” serves as a profound illustration of a hero’s journey, highlighting Bilbo Baggins’ transformation from a hesitant and sheltered hobbit into a self-assured and resourceful adventurer. This journey unfolds in the enchanting world of Middle-earth, where each challenge you encounter alongside Bilbo reveals the many layers of courage, resilience, and loyalty that lie within him. Tolkien brilliantly paints a landscape that draws you into the epic tale, making you reflect on your own potential to embrace adventure and personal growth in your own life.

    Your exploration of Bilbo’s character arc resonates far beyond the pages, encouraging you to identify aspects of your own journey. As you dive deeper into the themes of bravery, friendship, and discovery, you may find that you, too, can summon the courage to face the unexpected twists and turns in your own adventures. “The Hobbit” not only captivates your imagination but also inspires you to initiate on your journeys, reminding you that sometimes, the most remarkable transformations begin with a single step into the unknown.

  • Dianetics Diamond Jubilee commemorated at the Frankfurt Buchmesse: 75 years of positively transforming millions of lives

    KINGNEWSWIRE / FRANKFURT / Four leading book distributors in Europe chose the Frankfurt Buchmesse to deliver their recognitions to the Best-selling book Dianetics from L. Ron Hubbard at the launch of celebrations for its 75th Anniversary and wide distribution since publication in May 9th 1950.

    Dianetics was awarded at the Frankfurt Buchmesse in preparation of its 75th Anniversary, by Gazelle, Heureka, LibroCo Italia and Arnoia Distribución de Libros.
    Dianetics was awarded at the Frankfurt Buchmesse in preparation of its 75th Anniversary, by Gazelle, Heureka, LibroCo Italia and Arnoia Distribución de Libros.

    The 2024 Frankfurt Buchmesse could not have concluded more appropriately than with L. Ron Hubbard’s Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health being acknowledged “for positively and permanently transforming millions of lives over the past three quarters of a century” said a representative.

    The book has been honored with four prestigious recognitions from distributors across Europe, as if marking the four cardinal points of the continent.

    From the North, the UK acknowledges its continued inspiration; from the South, Italy celebrates its profound impact; from the East, Slovakia praises its enduring legacy; and from the West, Spain highlights its perennial bestseller status.

    Mr. Marvin Blagsde, from Gazelle Book Services offering 75th Anniversary recognition for Dianetics. Received by Mr. David Hosttetler, President New Era Publications.

    In this regards, Marvin Blagsden, Managing Director of Gazelle Book Services, presented a commemorative plaque recognizing “the extraordinary legacy” of L. Ron Hubbard, which “continues to inspire and guide people worldwide, making a lasting impact on personal development and well-being.” 

    Going down south in Europe, Donatella Nazzi, Manager of Libro Co Italia, recognized L. Ron Hubbard’s “remarkable contribution to literature and human knowledge,” adding, “We are very pleased to distribute Dianetics. We have many interesting ideas for next year’s celebration of your anniversary, and I’m sure we can do a great job together.”

    In crossing to Slovakia in eastern Europe, Heureka granted Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health by L. Ron Hubbard the award “Finalist Product of the Year 2023 in the Category of Books” and flying to the western Europe in Spain, Arnoia Distribución de Libros S.A., a Galician business group at the forefront of book distribution in Spain and abroad for over 30 years, joined in with another award “to congratulate L. Ron Hubbard for his vast and extraordinary body of published works in honor of the 75th anniversary of his perennial bestseller Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health.”

    L. Ron Hubbard’s Legacy: One of the Most Enduring and Widely Read Authors in Literary History

    Book and lectures library on Dianetics & Scientology, by World Record Guiness author L. Ron Hubbard

    As an author, humanitarian, and the founder of Dianetics and Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard stands as one of the most acclaimed figures of the modern age. 

    His writing career, which spanned more than half a century, established him as a leading light in American fiction and as the author of over 35 million words of nonfiction—the most comprehensive exploration of the human mind and spirit, providing a unique pathway to total spiritual freedom. 

    Guiness World Records of author L. Ron Hubbard

    Recognized as one of the top 20 bestselling authors of all time, Hubbard’s works have been translated into 114 languages, with more than 325 million copies in circulation, including over 3,000 recorded lectures and approximately 5,000 writings. 

    In testament to the magnitude of his literary legacy, he holds four Guinness World Records: for most published author, most translated author, the author with the most audiobook titles, and for the single most translated non-religious work.

    Dianetics, Time-Tested Technology: Just as Relevant in 2024 as in 1950.

    Published on May 9, 1950, a forerunner of Scientology, Dianetics was proclaimed by the national columnist Walter Winchell in a telling prediction, “There is something new coming up in April called Dianetics. A new science which works with the invariability of physical science in the field of the human mind. From all indications it will prove to be as revolutionary for humanity as the first caveman’s discovery and utilization of fire.”

    If Winchell’s statement was bold, it was nonetheless accurate, for with Dianetics came the first definitive explanation of human thinking and behavior. Here, too, “was the first means to resolve problems of the human mind, including unreasonable fears, upsets, insecurities and psychosomatic ills of every description” said one of the fans.

    At the core of such problems lay what L. Ron Hubbard termed the “reactive mind” and defined as that “portion of a person’s mind which is entirely stimulus-response, which is not under his volitional control and which exerts force and the power of command over his awareness, purposes, thoughts, body and actions.”  

    “That the mind still recorded perceptions during moments of partial or full unconsciousness was dimly known. But how the engram impacted physiologically, how it acted upon thinking and behavior—this was entirely new” says one of the readers,In short, here lay a mind, as Mr. Hubbard so powerfully phrased it, “which makes a man suppress his hopes, which holds his apathies, which gives him irresolution when he should act, and kills him before he has begun to live.”

    Dianetics and L Ron Hubbard books stand at Frankfurt Buchmesse 2024

    “As word of  Dianetics spread, general response was considerable: more than fifty thousand copies were acquired by the general public immediately off the press, while bookstores struggled to keep it on shelves. As its experienced workability grew, public response grew even more dramatic” said Ivan Arjona-Pelado, European representative for the Church of Scientology.

    “Dianetics—Taking U.S. by Storm” and “Fastest Growing Movement in America” read newspaper headlines through the summer of 1950. “While by the end of the year, some 750 Dianetics groups had spontaneously mushroomed from coast to coast and six cities boasted research foundations to help facilitate Mr. Hubbard’s advancement of the subject” continued Arjona-Pelado.

    Over the years, Dianetics has become an international phenomenon, with more than 22 million copies in circulation, translated into 50 languages, and distributed in 175 countries worldwide. 

    “As a perennial bestseller, Dianetics is indisputably the most widely read and influential book on the human mind” concluded Arjona-Pelado.

  • The 10 Most Influential Books on the European Economy: A Deep Dive into Their Legacy

    Economic thought in Europe has shaped, and been shaped by, centuries of political and social transformation. This article explores ten landmark books that have defined how we think about Europe’s economy, blending intellectual depth with practical relevance. Each entry delves into the book’s significance, themes, and impact, offering an engaging narrative for readers keen to understand the forces driving Europe’s economy.

    1. Capital in the Twenty-First Century

    Author: Thomas Piketty
    Publication Year: 2013
    Publisher: Éditions du Seuil (French Edition); Harvard University Press (English Edition, 2014)
    Language: Originally in French; translated into multiple languages, including English.

    Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century became a global sensation upon release, sparking debates from academic halls to political offices. Piketty meticulously analyzes historical data on income and wealth distribution, painting a striking picture of inequality in Europe and beyond. His central thesis? Over time, wealth tends to concentrate in fewer hands unless actively countered by policies such as progressive taxation. The book’s groundbreaking use of data spanning centuries demonstrates how Europe, particularly after the Industrial Revolution, became a stage for widening inequality. Piketty’s accessible writing, despite the complex statistical analysis, makes it a touchstone for understanding the socio-economic dynamics of modern Europe.

    2. The Euro: How a Common Currency Threatens the Future of Europe

    Author: Joseph E. Stiglitz
    Publication Year: 2016
    Publisher: W.W. Norton & Company
    Language: English

    Joseph Stiglitz, a Nobel laureate in economics, dives into the contentious world of the euro. Published in 2016, Stiglitz’s work critiques the design flaws of Europe’s common currency, arguing that it exacerbates economic disparities between member states. For instance, the rigid monetary policies of the eurozone prevent struggling economies like Greece from devaluing their currency to regain competitiveness. Stiglitz also discusses how political motivations, rather than sound economic reasoning, drove the euro’s creation. His proposed solutions, such as creating a “flexible euro” or allowing countries to leave the union without catastrophic fallout, offer provocative alternatives to Europe’s current monetary framework. The book is a sharp, yet balanced, critique of one of Europe’s most ambitious projects.

    3. Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea

    Author: Mark Blyth
    Publication Year: 2013
    Publisher: Oxford University Press
    Language: English

    Mark Blyth’s Austerity couldn’t have come at a better time, arriving amidst debates over austerity measures in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. In this compelling and combative book, Blyth traces austerity’s origins back to 18th-century Europe, demonstrating how it has been repeatedly implemented as a panacea for economic crises. His historical approach is particularly enlightening when analyzing post-crisis Europe, where nations like Greece and Spain were forced into harsh austerity policies that deepened social and economic pain. Blyth doesn’t just critique; he highlights the political motivations behind austerity, exposing how it often serves elite interests at the expense of broader economic health. It’s both a history lesson and a rallying cry for more equitable economic policies.

    4. Europe Since 1989: A History

    Author: Philipp Ther
    Publication Year: 2014
    Publisher: Suhrkamp Verlag (German Edition); Princeton University Press (English Edition, 2016)
    Language: Originally in German; translated into English.

    Philipp Ther’s Europe Since 1989 is an essential read for understanding the transformation of Europe after the fall of communism. Ther chronicles the rise of neoliberal economic policies across Eastern and Western Europe. He discusses how these policies led to profound social changes, from privatization drives in the East to the erosion of welfare systems in the West. What sets Ther apart is his focus on the human cost of these transformations—he vividly illustrates how economic liberalization often created winners and losers, leaving large swathes of Europe’s population disillusioned. This book is as much about the people of Europe as it is about the policies shaping their lives.

    5. The Road to Serfdom

    Author: Friedrich A. Hayek
    Publication Year: 1944
    Publisher: Routledge Press
    Language: English

    Friedrich Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom is a classic that remains as provocative today as it was upon its publication in 1944. Written during World War II, Hayek argues that centralized planning and government overreach, even with good intentions, inevitably lead to tyranny. Though focused on the dangers of socialism, his warnings extend to Europe’s mixed economies. In the post-war European context, the book became a cornerstone of economic liberalism, influencing policymakers who sought to rebuild Europe on free-market principles. Critics have often accused Hayek of exaggerating his claims, but there’s no denying the book’s influence on shaping European economic thought in the latter half of the 20th century.

    6. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty

    Authors: Daron Acemoglu & James A. Robinson
    Publication Year: 2012
    Publisher: Crown Business
    Language: English

    While Why Nations Fail isn’t solely about Europe, its insights are crucial for understanding the continent’s economic disparities. Acemoglu and Robinson argue that inclusive institutions—those that provide broad participation in economic and political life—are the key to prosperity. They use examples like the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the divergence between Western and Eastern Europe to illustrate how institutions shape economic trajectories. The book is an intellectual journey through history, filled with case studies that resonate deeply with Europe’s current challenges, from inequality to the rise of populism.

    7. The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond

    Author: Barry Eichengreen
    Publication Year: 2007
    Publisher: Princeton University Press
    Language: English

    Barry Eichengreen’s The European Economy Since 1945 is a masterclass in economic history. Eichengreen examines Europe’s extraordinary recovery from World War II, focusing on the role of “coordinated capitalism,” where governments, businesses, and labor unions worked together to rebuild economies. He explains how this model laid the groundwork for the European Union but also how it struggled to adapt to globalization and the financial crises of the 21st century. The book’s detailed analysis of policies like the Marshall Plan and the creation of the euro makes it essential reading for anyone interested in the forces that shaped modern Europe.

    8. European Integration: A History of Nations and Borders

    Author: Peter Gowan
    Publication Year: 2004
    Publisher: Verso Books
    Language: English

    Peter Gowan’s European Integration explores the economic and political motivations behind Europe’s push for unity. Gowan argues that economic integration was as much about containing Germany’s power as it was about fostering prosperity. The book takes readers through milestones like the Treaty of Rome and the Maastricht Treaty, offering a critical perspective on the compromises and tensions inherent in the EU’s development. Gowan’s writing is both analytical and accessible, making complex economic theories understandable without oversimplifying.

    9. The Wealth of Nations

    Author: Adam Smith
    Publication Year: 1776
    Publisher: W. Strahan and T. Cadell
    Language: English

    Few books have shaped the world as profoundly as Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. Though written in the 18th century, its analysis of markets, competition, and the division of labor laid the foundation for modern economics. Smith’s exploration of Europe’s economic systems remains relevant today, offering insights into everything from trade policies to labor markets. While dense in places, the book’s enduring wisdom continues to inspire economists and policymakers alike.

    10. Europe Reborn: A History of European Unity, 1945–2000

    Author: Harold James
    Publication Year: 2001
    Publisher: Longman Publishing Group
    Language: English

    Harold James provides a sweeping history of Europe’s journey toward unity in Europe Reborn. Beginning with the devastation of World War II, James traces the economic and political initiatives that led to the formation of the European Union. He highlights the role of economic policies like the Common Agricultural Policy and the euro in fostering integration, while also addressing the cultural and political challenges along the way. James’s balanced approach makes this book a definitive account of Europe’s post-war transformation.

    Final Thoughts

    These ten books illuminate the complex and fascinating evolution of Europe’s economy, each offering unique insights into its successes, failures, and enduring challenges. Whether through historical analysis, theoretical exploration, or policy critique, these works collectively provide a rich tapestry of thought on Europe’s economic landscape.

  • The £740 book that shows you just can’t trust a cover price on Amazon

    Spotlight: Books like John C Boland’s Hominid have been for sale at inflated prices on Amazon

    Critics are accusing online giant Amazon of allowing third-party sellers to misrepresent the books they market on its website. In some instances, books are being sold as classics at inflated prices.

    Among those concerned is American author and publisher John C Boland, whose recent novels have been marketed as published in the 17th Century and commanding a price of more than £700.  In fact, his modern day thrillers should retail for about £10. The Baltimore writer is suing Amazon in the American law courts for not properly policing the sale of books on its online store.

    Although Amazon sells books directly there is also an option to buy ‘new’ and ‘used’ from other sellers if they also have copies available, which can often be found on website links below a description of the literature. Anyone can sign up as one of these third-party dealers if they are able to set up an Amazon seller account – though the online giant typically gets 15 per cent of the proceeds from sales.

    Boland says: ‘The abuses affect not only my own works, such as the science thriller Hominid, but novels and non-fiction published by other authors.

    ‘For example, $12 books (nearly £9) are being offered in fanciful ‘1602’ editions for $1,000 (£740) that were actually published earlier this century.’

    He adds: ‘Amazon’s response that it does not permit this sort of thing is false. My search of its books website turned up thousands of mistakes being made by third-party sellers.

    ‘When a seller claims to have an edition published more than a hundred years ago it is also defaming authors like me by implying that the book existed before I had even written it – as if I were a plagiarist.’

    Meryl Halls, managing director of The Booksellers Association, says the issues raised by John C Boland highlight flaws in the buying of books online.

    She says: ‘Amazon has huge power in the marketplace for books and it is hard for independent booksellers to compete against it.

    Retail titan: Amazon sales ¿ of which books are only a small part ¿ rose more than 50 per cent in 2020 to £20.63bn. It paid direct UK tax on its profits of £492m

    Retail titan: Amazon sales – of which books are only a small part – rose more than 50 per cent in 2020 to £20.63bn. It paid direct UK tax on its profits of £492m

    ‘A local bookshop not only offers quality and advice that can be trusted – but it also allows bookbuyers to actually hold a book in their hand before having to part with any money.’

    She adds: ‘Thankfully, over the past couple of years – during this terrible pandemic – about 100 new bookshops have opened up as people have learned to appreciate their value.’

    There are now some 1,000 independent bookshops in the UK, less than half the number that were trading when Amazon began in 1995.

    Those who find browsing bookshelves is part of the pleasure of buying books should also consider visiting a book fair to find hidden gems to leaf through – and talk with experts about other literature they might find appealing.

    David Maynard is a book dealer and member of the Provincial Booksellers Fairs Association. This trade organisation offers details of book fairs held throughout the country – as well as online fairs.

    He says: ‘The internet has its place, but when it comes to buying books there is no substitute for personal service.’

    ‘These claims defame authors like me’

    Maynard adds: ‘Purchasing older books can be fraught with danger if a buyer does not know what they are doing. Condition and accurate date descriptions are a key part of the buying process.

    ‘We have a code of conduct to which all members are signed up to so if a buyer ever has a problem, it can be sorted out immediately.’

    Maynard adds: ‘Another bonus is that we can help guide book lovers on their adventure – introducing them to new and exciting reads after sharing with us what they enjoy.’ Amazon’s big selling point is convenience – with a purchase possible via a few clicks of a button rather than having to visit a shop.

    It also has huge global marketing and sales clout to beat competitors on price. Up to half of all book sales are now through Amazon. It also owns the book trading website AbeBooks.

    A criticism often made about Amazon and other online services is that they do not have the overheads of high street shops, such as shop rental and staff costs, and that they pay proportionally lower taxes.

    Amazon sales – of which books are only a small part – rose more than 50 per cent in 2020 to £20.63 billion. It paid direct UK tax on its profits of £492 million. The US giant channels the majority of its British retail sales through tax-haven Luxembourg.

    Amazon did not provide a comment on the allegations made by John C Boland.

    But it did confirm that as independent businesses, third party sellers are required to follow all applicable laws, regulations and Amazon policies when listing items for sale on its online store. It also confirmed that it promptly investigates any issues raised by buyers and when appropriate takes action.

    For details of where to find your nearest local bookshop, visit booksellers.org.uk. Another website worth considering when hunting out your favourite literature on the high street is bookshop.org.

    toby.walne@mailonsunday.co.uk